Philosophy Through The Ages

Ahmed - Pre Socratics

• Scholars consider Lecippus the founder of the atomistic school speculative thinker of the highest degree.
• Democraties lived in Abdera in north Greece.
• Lecippus and Democraties described atoms as hard and indivisible, with different

Wissam - Socrates

• "Ignorance is the only evil"
• Socrates believed that happiness came from leading a goo life.
• Socrates believed that he might find our what is good and what is bad by talking to people and seeing a majority.
• Socrates was arrested and accused of corrupting young minds and worshipping false gods.
• Socrates believed laws should be made by the wise.

Amel - Plato

• Knowledge is justified true belief.
• True knowledge cannot be gained through the five senses.
• The world we live in is a shadow of the real world, to escape this shadow, would have to go beyond perception.
• The mind moves through four stages to gain knowledge:

1. Imaging
2. Belief
3. Thinking
4. Reason and intuition

Isra - Aristotle

• Aristotle was a Greek philosopher
• student of Plato.
• His main ideas was Golden Mean, Logic, reason and passion.
• Plato's main interest was the Platonic Realism, the abstract ideas of life, justice, education and and family.
• The main interests of Aristotle was logic, reason of observation.
• Plato and Aristotle differ in their philosophy.
• Plato's work was made of metaphysical nature whereas Aristotle's work was more of self-analysis.

Hassan - Early Christians, Martin Luther King.

• Greeks: Human need of education.
• Christianity: Human need of God to save them.
• All humanity is evil.
• Islam, Christianity and Judaism are monotheistic.
• Church, pay money to go to heaven.
• Luther was monk in Germany.
• Translated the bible from Latin to German.
• He worked to change the authority.

Kant-

• His philosophy was called critical philosophy.
• Tried to create a middle ground between empiricists and rationalists.
• Believed we have two types of knowledge, apriori(innate) and aposterior( empirical).
• Believed apriori knowledge was always universally true.
• Agreed with rationalists that reason could allow you to obtain a lot of knowledge but disagreed with just how much you could know, agreed with empiricists can how empirical knowledge, disagreed with their idea that "our knowledge ends with experience".

Utilitarianism-

• Jeremy Bentham
  • Principle of utility
  • pleasure and pain are the motivating factors of all human beings
  • 4 sanctions
    • physical
    • political
    • moral
    • religious
• John Mill
  • Human liberty
  • harm principle
  • son of the famous ricardian economist.
  • individualists

The Rise of Science (historically ordered)-

• Galileo was the first to reason the innate knowledge that authority gave him.
• He compared the masses in space to generate his theories.
• Descartes was also against the fact that knowledge was justified by authority.
• Hobbes thought of people as initially evil, that they were selfish.
• Newton mostly thought of the world as having neutral to rationalize his scientific theories.

Empiricism -

• Knowledge carries from the 3 senses.
• emphasize the importance of experience and direct evidence.
• Follows scientific method philosophy.
• All theories and claims must be tested by obscuring and perceiving.
• Rejects the idea of only gaining knowledge through logic and reason.
• Locke, Hobbes and Berkly were the main drivers of this philosophy.